{"id":72774,"date":"2024-05-09T15:40:28","date_gmt":"2024-05-09T13:40:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/?p=72774"},"modified":"2024-06-03T10:37:21","modified_gmt":"2024-06-03T08:37:21","slug":"studying-the-april-revolution-50-years-on","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/en\/studying-the-april-revolution-50-years-on\/","title":{"rendered":"Studying the April Revolution, 50 years on"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On 25 April 1974, the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) occupied strategic locations in the city of Lisbon and staged a coup d\u2019\u00e9tat that, in less than 24 hours, toppled the long-lasting Portuguese dictatorship. The population, which was following the events through the MFA\u2019s radio bulletins, took to the streets to quickly join the military and celebrated with euphoria the success of the Regime End operation and the conquest of freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At that time, Portugal was an \u201canachronistic\u201d country, as the historian Ant\u00f3nio Reis recalls. Condemned by the United Nations, the war in Africa against the liberation movements had been dragging on since 1961 and heightened the country\u2019s international isolation. \u201cThe oldest of the last three dictatorships in non-Communist Europe saw that its economy was increasingly dependent on European markets\u201d, to which was added \u201ca social dynamic that was difficult to reconcile with the conservative traditionalism of rigidly authoritarian and repressive institutions\u201d. <span class=\"note-item\"><a href=\"#note-01\" class=\"scroll-to\">[1]<\/a><span class=\"note-item-tooltip\">1 \u2014 Reis, A. (1994). \u201cIntrodu\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d. A: Reis, A. (dir.). Portugal: 20 anos de Democracia. Lisbon: C\u00edrculo de Leitores, p. 8.\n<\/span><\/span> The 25th of April and the revolutionary process that followed it marked a profound break with this reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A forerunner of the \u201cthird wave\u201d of democratisation, <span class=\"note-item\"><a href=\"#note-02\" class=\"scroll-to\">[2]<\/a><span class=\"note-item-tooltip\">2 \u2014 Huntington, S. P. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. University of Oklahoma Press.\n<\/span><\/span> Portugal has attracted particular interest in academic circles, especially from a comparative perspective: after 48 years of dictatorship, the Portuguese transition came about through a rupture. A number of studies have sought to analyse the structural conditions and the role played by different agents to account for the regime transition processes. Ant\u00f3nio Costa Pinto highlights this aspect when he says: \u201cWhile toppling the Estado Novo was part of a cycle in which the southern European dictatorships were eradicated, the \u2018revolutionary period\u2019 had certain specific features that defined the very nature of the Portuguese \u2018defascistisation\u2019 movement.\u201d <span class=\"note-item\"><a href=\"#note-03\" class=\"scroll-to\">[3]<\/a><span class=\"note-item-tooltip\">3 \u2014 Pinto, A. C. (1999). \u201cSaneamentos Pol\u00edticos e Movimentos Radicais de Direita na Transi\u00e7\u00e3o para a Democracia, 1974-1976\u201d. A: Portugal e a Transi\u00e7\u00e3o para a Democracia (1974-1976). Lisbon: Funda\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e1rio Soares e IHC\/NOVA-FCSH, p. 29.\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the occasion of the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Portuguese Revolution of 1974-1975, within this special issue of the IDEES magazine, we present a special dossier with eight reflections which, from different viewpoints and adding an international dimension, offer analytic tools and help us improve our understanding of the revolutionary process, its main agents and legacies. The topics covered include the Revolution\u2019s international and geopolitical context (<a href=\"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/en\/the-international-context-of-the-portuguese-carnation-revolution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ana M\u00f3nica Fonseca<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/en\/the-united-states-the-cia-and-25-april-1974\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Irene Flunser Pimentel<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/en\/iberian-transitions-in-the-1970s-collective-action-state-multidimensionality-and-tolerance-band\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rafael Duran Mu\u00f1oz<\/a>), its international impact (<a href=\"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/en\/catalonia-and-the-carnation-revolution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gabriel Magalh\u00e3es<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/en\/the-international-impact-of-the-april-revolution-a-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pedro Ponte e Sousa<\/a>), electoral behaviour and political attitudes during the first free elections (<a href=\"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/en\/campaigning-on-a-blank-slate-persuasion-and-mobilisation-efforts-in-the-portuguese-1975-elections\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jos\u00e9 Santana Pereira and Filipa Raimundo<\/a>), M\u00e1rio Soares\u2019 diplomacy during the Revolution (<a href=\"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/en\/mario-soares-the-socialists-and-europe-with-us\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pedro Marques Gomes<\/a>), and the legacies of the transition towards democracy (<a href=\"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/en\/the-democratisation-of-portugal-and-its-legacies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ant\u00f3nio Costa Pinto<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today, democracies face complex challenges. The latest Democracy Report, published in 2024 by the V-Dem Institute, <span class=\"note-item\"><a href=\"#note-04\" class=\"scroll-to\">[4]<\/a><span class=\"note-item-tooltip\">4 \u2014 Nord, M.; Lundstedt, M.; Altman, D.; Angiolillo, F.; Borella, C.; Fernandes, T.; Gastaldi, L.; Good God, A.; Natsika, N.; Lindberg; S. I. (2024). Democracy Report 2024: Democracy Winning and Losing at the Ballot. G\u00f6teborg: Institut V-Dem, Universitat de G\u00f6teborg.\n<\/span><\/span> paints a global picture of marked erosion of democracy, coupled with a dominant trend towards autocratisation: (i) the level of democracy of the average world citizen fell in 2023 to levels not seen since 1985; (ii) 71% of the world\u2019s population lives in autocracies; and (iii) the level of democracy measured with respect to the relative size of the economy is below the level recorded in 1973, before the Portuguese Revolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More than 60 countries will be holding elections during 2024, and in almost half of them, the levels of democracy have worsened. <span class=\"note-item\"><a href=\"#note-05\" class=\"scroll-to\">[5]<\/a><span class=\"note-item-tooltip\">5 \u2014 Nord, M., et al. (2024). Democracy Report 2024: Democracy Winning and Losing at the Ballot.\n<\/span><\/span> Reflection on the challenges that democracies are facing today, proposed in this <em>IDEES <\/em>magazine special issue, is inseparable from an understanding of their past and, in particular, of the dynamics that marked the democratisation processes and their subsequent erosion or autocratisation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On 25 April 1974, the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) occupied strategic locations in the city of Lisbon and staged a coup d\u2019\u00e9tat that, in less than 24 hours, toppled the long-lasting Portuguese dictatorship. The population, which was following the events through the MFA\u2019s radio bulletins, took to the streets to quickly join the military and celebrated with euphoria the success of the Regime End operation and the conquest of freedom. At that time, Portugal was an \u201canachronistic\u201d country, as the historian Ant\u00f3nio Reis recalls. Condemned by the United Nations, the war in Africa against the liberation movements had been dragging\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":72767,"parent":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[607],"tags":[],"segment":[],"subject":[],"class_list":["post-72774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dossier-la-revolucio-dels-clavells-perspectives-i-llegats-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Studying the April Revolution, 50 years on &#8211; IDEES<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/revistaidees.cat\/en\/studying-the-april-revolution-50-years-on\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Studying the April Revolution, 50 years on &#8211; IDEES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On 25 April 1974, the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) occupied strategic locations in the city of Lisbon and staged a coup d\u2019\u00e9tat that, in less than 24 hours, toppled the long-lasting Portuguese dictatorship. The population, which was following the events through the MFA\u2019s radio bulletins, took to the streets to quickly join the military and celebrated with euphoria the success of the Regime End operation and the conquest of freedom. At that time, Portugal was an \u201canachronistic\u201d country, as the historian Ant\u00f3nio Reis recalls. 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